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ANALYSIS OF TEXTS
PROCEDURE AND FUNDAMENTAL UNITY
Lectio
Lectio textus vel auctorum est scientiae acquisitio per studium auctorum, in eaque nititur tota paedagogia medievalis.
Constabat introductione quadam de auctore et titulo operis, de auctoris intentione, de operis utilitate et loco in complexu scientiarum.
Expositione , quae tria explanationis complectebatur:
litteram (Est congrua ordinatio dictionum, quam etiam constructionem vocamus = explanatio grammaticalis. Pars expositione grammatica et complectitur constructionem - in analysi litterae est verborum ordinatio naturalis et logica, ut inde sensus facilius percipatur. -
et continuationem verborum- post constructionem, secunda operatio, respiciens filum seu seriem orationis vel argumenti- et locutionum).
sensum (est facilis quaedam et aperta significatio, quam littera prima fronte praefert = sensus litteralis).
sententiam (est profundior intelligentia, quae nisi expositione vel interpretatione non invenitur = mens seu doctrina auctoris).
Trimodum est lectionis genus, docentis, discenstis, vel per se inspicientis. Dicimus enim: lego librum illi = lectio magistri, lego librum ab illo = lectio discipuli, et lego librum = lectio privata
[Springhetti, E., Latinitas Fontium Philosophiae Scholasticae, P.A.S., 1967, Roma]
The unity of the text is discovered in the comment: Biblical, Aristotelia, Pseudo-Dionysus...
A lecture is that which could be explained (found in an oral culture)
How a work is commented.
1. Read the whole work
2. Look for the intention of the work, in proemio.
3. Look for theme, subiectum, and the thematic which makes it up.
4. Divide it according to its thematic unity and finality to arrive to a theme that can be divided only argumentatively = a theme which must be resolved with ‘arguments’ is a lectio and cannot be thematically divided. It is something to be researched, to be explained ‘how’.
The Lectio is the last unity of the via resolutionis (analysis) in a text where the reasoning of the author is brought out. e.g. in Ioannem, working on the divinity of Christ, this theme will be divided it into different lectiones to explain it.
The explanation of every word of the author is only in function with the text and cannot always be applied universally.
Divisio textus: shows the ‘arguments’, processus quo intelligentia modo resolutorio descendit ad particularia, membratim distinguens textum et spatians in speculatione quae exegesim textualem excedit.
Quaestio
Orta est ex ipsa lectione seu textus expositione, inter quam difficultates oriebantur haud raro de littera ipsa seu textu, de doctrina textus, etc., quare disputatio ex ipsa quaestione nascebatur, in qua argumenta pro utraque parte afferebantur et quaestio solvebatur.
Articulus
From the beginning a theme is divided by different questions and subdivided into articles: Articulus - in quavis re et disciplina significabat elementarem unitatem processu expositionis alicuius quaestionis, h.e. processum elaborationis requisitum ad expositionem, discutionem et solutionem cuiusvis quaestionis. Est igitur proprieque quaestio. Est in quavis disciplina processus litterarius exhibens unitatem fundamentalem sive expositionis sive doctrinae in collectione disputationum, in commentariis, in summis.
"Articulus nomen graecum est ('` Αρθρov ) et importat indivisionem. Unde membra, quae non dividitur in alia membra, dicuntur articuli; et secundum istum modum conclusiones, quae inquiruntur in aliqua scientia vel in aliquo tractatu, dicuntur articuli, quia ex eis sicut ex quibusdam principiis indivisbilibus consurgit collectio, quae tractatum perficit..." ( S. Th., 3 Sent., 25. I, I, c.).
In an article a question is put in order to see if a predicate fits a subject. They can be of different kinds.
De secundo adiacente Utrum Deus sit.
judgment of existence.
De tertio adiacente Utrum Deus sit bonus.
judgment of essence (the most common).
* The question expresses the power of the human intellect the going from the notum to ignotum. Interrogation is very important to philosophy, it brings back the abstract to reality, to the res, and asks if something truly convenes to it.
Capitulum (Contra Gentiles., Compendium Theologiae)
For example, Quod anima est immortalis, puts in front the meaning of the demonstrative non-evident proposition but as yet unproved. The chapters demonstrate the proposition by diverse arguments. The sum of the chapters are not necessarily related to each other in theme but are in finality.
[Ex lectionibus Alain Contat, PH.D.]
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